Experiments with genetically altered mice showed that the mice would consume abnormally high amounts of bitter-tasting compounds in water after their

Experiments with genetically altered mice showed that the mice would consume abnormally high amounts of bitter-tasting compounds in water after their  A)...

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely  A) running by a 50-gram rodent. B) running by a 40-kg...

A ball-and-socket joint connects

A ball-and-socket joint connects  A) the radius to the ulna. B) the radius to the humerus. C) the ulna to the humerus. D) the humerus to the...

An endoskeleton is the primary body support for the

An endoskeleton is the primary body support for the  A) annelids, including earthworms. B) insects, including beetles. C) cartilaginous fishes,...

Chitin is a major component of

Chitin is a major component of  A) the skeleton of mammals. B) the hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms. C) the exoskeleton of insects. D) the...

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by  A) walking on its limbs. B) crawling with its feet. C)...

Action potentials in the heart move from one contractile cell to the next via

Action potentials in the heart move from one contractile cell to the next via  A) chemical synapses using acetylcholine. B) chemical synapses...

Calcium ions regulate contraction of smooth muscle cells by binding to

Calcium ions regulate contraction of smooth muscle cells by binding to  A) troponin. B) tropomyosin. C) actin. D) myosin. E) calmodulin. Answer:...

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle all have

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle all have  A) A bands and I bands. B) transverse tubules. C) gap junctions. D) motor units. E) thick and...

Sustained muscle contraction without relaxation between successive stimuli is called

Sustained muscle contraction without relaxation between successive stimuli is called  A) tonus. B) fused tetanus. C) an all-or-none response. D)...

The lumen of the transverse tubules of skeletal muscles contains

The lumen of the transverse tubules of skeletal muscles contains  A) extracellular fluid. B) cytosol. C) actin. D) myosin. E) sarcomeres. Answer:...

Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber? 1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites. 2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex. 3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP. 5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.

Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber?1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks...

A skeletal muscle with abnormally low levels of calcium ions would be impaired in

A skeletal muscle with abnormally low levels of calcium ions would be impaired in  A) ATP hydrolysis. B) the initiation of an action potential. C)...

Skeletal muscle contraction begins when calcium ions bind to

Skeletal muscle contraction begins when calcium ions bind to  A) energized cross-bridges. B) myosin. C) actin. D) tropomyosin. E) troponin. Answer:...

In a relaxed skeletal muscle, actin is not chemically bound to

In a relaxed skeletal muscle, actin is not chemically bound to  A) myosin. B) troponin. C) tropomyosin. D) Z lines Answer:...

Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminals of

Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminals of  A) T tubules. B) motor neuron axons. C) sensory...

Calcium ions initiate sliding of filaments in skeletal muscles by

Calcium ions initiate sliding of filaments in skeletal muscles by  A) breaking the actin-myosin cross-bridges. B) binding to the troponin...

The muscles of a recently deceased human can remain in a contracted state, termed rigor mortis, for several hours, due to the lack of

The muscles of a recently deceased human can remain in a contracted state, termed rigor mortis, for several hours, due to the lack of  A)...

The "motor unit" in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to

The "motor unit" in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to  A) one actin binding site and its myosin partner. B) one sarcomere and all of its...

The calcium ions released into the cytosol during excitation of skeletal muscle bind to

The calcium ions released into the cytosol during excitation of skeletal muscle bind to  A) troponin. B) tropomyosin. C) actin. D) myosin. E)...

Most of the ATP supplies for a skeletal muscle undergoing 1 hour of sustained exercise come from

Most of the ATP supplies for a skeletal muscle undergoing 1 hour of sustained exercise come from A) creatine phosphate. B) glycolysis. C) substrate...

A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will

A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will  A) immediately relax. B) release all actin-myosin bonds. C) enter a state where actin...

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which  A) motor neurons lose their myelination and the ability to rapidly fire action potentials. B)...

Compared to oxidative skeletal muscle fibers, those classified as glycolytic typically have

Compared to oxidative skeletal muscle fibers, those classified as glycolytic typically have  A) a higher concentration of myoglobin. B) a higher...

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on  A) actin filaments coiling up to become shorter. B) myosin filaments coiling up to become...

The olfactory bulbs are located

The olfactory bulbs are located  A) in the nasal cavity. B) in the anterior pituitary gland. C) in the posterior pituitary gland. D) in the...

A ligand for the umami receptor in the sense of taste is

A ligand for the umami receptor in the sense of taste is  A) glucose. B) sodium ions. C) potassium ions. D) hydrogen ions. E) monosodium glutamate. Answer:...

An injury to the occipital lobe will likely impair function of the

An injury to the occipital lobe will likely impair function of the  A) primary visual cortex. B) thalamus. C) optic chiasma. D) sense of taste. E)...

The blind spot in the human retina is the location that has the collected axons of

The blind spot in the human retina is the location that has the collected axons of  A) ganglion cells. B) bipolar cells. C) primary visual...

Receptor proteins for the neurotransmitter molecules released by rods and cones are found on

Receptor proteins for the neurotransmitter molecules released by rods and cones are found on  A) ganglion cells. B) horizontal cells. C) amacrine...

In the human retina

In the human retina  A) cone cells can detect color, but rod cells cannot. B) cone cells are more sensitive than rod cells to light. C) cone...

For the processing of visual information in the central nervous system of humans, the neuronal projections of ganglion cells to the left and right lateral geniculate nuclei (LGN) are

For the processing of visual information in the central nervous system of humans, the neuronal projections of ganglion cells to the left and right lateral...

Lateral inhibition via amacrine cells in the mammalian retina

Lateral inhibition via amacrine cells in the mammalian retina  A) underlies habituation of vision. B) enhances visual contrast. C) prevents...

A rod exposed to light will

A rod exposed to light will  A) fire action potentials that will increase its release of glutamate. B) undergo a graded depolarization that...

Rods exposed to light will

Rods exposed to light will  A) depolarize due to the opening of sodium channels. B) hyperpolarize due to the closing of sodium channels. C)...

Sensory transduction of light/dark information in the vertebrate retina is accomplished by

Sensory transduction of light/dark information in the vertebrate retina is accomplished by A) ganglion cells. B) amacrine cells. C) bipolar cells. D)...

Compared to viewing a distant object, viewing an object held within 5 cm of the eye requires a lens that

Compared to viewing a distant object, viewing an object held within 5 cm of the eye requires a lens that  A) has been flattened, as a result...

It can be very difficult to select an angle for sneaking up to a grasshopper to catch it because grasshoppers have

It can be very difficult to select an angle for sneaking up to a grasshopper to catch it because grasshoppers have  A) excellent hearing for...

Proteins coded by a very large family of related genes are active in the sensory transduction of

Proteins coded by a very large family of related genes are active in the sensory transduction of  A) gustatory stimuli. B) olfactory stimuli. C)...

The ratio of expressed receptor types to taste cells is

The ratio of expressed receptor types to taste cells is  A) ~10:1 B) ~100:1 C) ~1,000:1 D) 1:1 E) 1:~100 Answer:...

Umami perception follows the oral presence of

Umami perception follows the oral presence of  A) sugar water. B) a rich chocolate flavor. C) a savory and complex cheese. D) acidic orange...

Most of the chemosensory neurons arising in the nasal cavity have axonal projections that terminate in the

Most of the chemosensory neurons arising in the nasal cavity have axonal projections that terminate in the  A) gustatory complex. B) anterior...

Sensillae are

Sensillae are  A) smell receptors in animals with hydrostatic skeletons. B) mechanoreceptors that help birds remain oriented during flight. C)...

Tastes and smells are similar in that

Tastes and smells are similar in that  A) both types of stimuli are present in thousands of different chemicals. B) both types of stimuli must...

The generation of action potentials in olfactory neurons initiated by odors drawn in the nasal cavity is an example of

The generation of action potentials in olfactory neurons initiated by odors drawn in the nasal cavity is an example of A) perception. B) sensory...

The lateral line system in fish transduces sensory information in a manner that, among these choices, is most similar to

The lateral line system in fish transduces sensory information in a manner that, among these choices, is most similar to  A) human vision. B)...

Mechanoreceptors that react to low frequency waves are part of the

Mechanoreceptors that react to low frequency waves are part of the  A) human sense of taste. B) pain receptors in birds. C) human sense of...

The sand grains or other dense materials resting on mechanoreceptors used by most invertebrates to sense gravity are called

The sand grains or other dense materials resting on mechanoreceptors used by most invertebrates to sense gravity are called  A) cochlea. B)...

The perceived pitch of a sound depends on

The perceived pitch of a sound depends on  A) which part of the tympanic membrane is being vibrated by sound waves. B) which part of the oval...

Dizziness is a perceived sensation that can occur when

Dizziness is a perceived sensation that can occur when A) the hair cells in the cochlea move more than their normal limits. B) moving fluid in the...

The cochlea is an organ of auditory transduction that contains

The cochlea is an organ of auditory transduction that contains  A) fluid and cells that can undergo mechanosensory transduction. B) air and...